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              <text>Probably Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, China (as it was the capital and cultural center of the Tang Dynasty)</text>
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          <name>Date From</name>
          <description>Enter the lower end of the date range, only enter a number without any label and use negative for BCE.  For example: enter '220' for 220 CE or '-220' for 220 BCE</description>
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              <text>618</text>
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          <description>Enter the upper end of the date range, only enter a number without any label and use negative for BCE.  For example: enter '220' for 220 CE or '-220' for 220 BCE</description>
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              <text>907</text>
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              <text>Earthenware</text>
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              <text>44.6</text>
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          <name>Width (cm)</name>
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              <text>Gift	of Dr. T.T. Tsui, Tsui Art Foundation Ltd.</text>
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          <name>Accession Number</name>
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              <text>HKU.C.1993.0990</text>
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              <text>The term “groom” is used to describe this middle-aged male figure as it was found alongside ceramic glazed horses. The outstretched arm presumably held the reigns off the horse. The figure was painted over using only three different colors, being brown, dark green, and creamy off-white. Other similar figures with the same color palette have been identified as the sancai (Tri-Color). Their heads and bodies are made separately using low-fired clay, after which they are sealed together and glazed over. Areas on the body where the glaze has chipped off, reveals the clay firing process underneath. Grooms are unique in the sense that their clothing and facial features are not Chinese but those of Central Asia. Nearby Turkic kingdoms would send their men with animals such as horses and camels for the Tang emperor as tributes for prosperous trade. &#13;
&#13;
These earthenware figures were funeral objects, and they were unearthed within the Tombs of high-ranking officials in the Tang Dynasty (618CE-907CE). The appearance and number of figures in a tomb depended on the status of the individual. A standard tomb contained figures of civil officials, warriors, servants etc. The belief was that the deceased could carry their earthy possessions and enjoy them in the afterlife. The sancai were to appear to protect and serve the deceased high-ranking official as they would in real life. Larger figures such as Guardian Gods were likely used to protect the spirit of the deceased and ward off tomb raiders. &#13;
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        <name>Horse</name>
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        <name>Rider</name>
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        <name>Tang dynasty</name>
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              <text>Anyang, Henan Province, China</text>
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              <text>-1600</text>
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              <text>Bronze</text>
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          <name>Height (cm)</name>
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          <name>Length (cm)</name>
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              <text>17.7</text>
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          <name>Accession Number</name>
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              <text>HKU.B.1953.0004</text>
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              <text>This Jue is one of the earliest bronzes uncovered in China, which can be dated back to the Chinese Bronze Age. The Jue presents a very iconic decorative pattern on its body that is the distinct and iconic decoration on Bronze vessels in the Chinese Bronze Age. The continuous spiral lines of the Jue's body are the Leiwen Motif, which serves as a background and simulates Thunder and Cloud. There are two lifted circle on the body, which denotes the eyes of the ancient Chinese mythological creature "Taotie". This Jue was made by clay piece-mould casting method that pours the molten bronze into the clay moulds and let it cool down.&#13;
&#13;
Jue is a wine vessel mainly for the ritual to the ancestors. Strong resistance to erosion of the bronze can allow the Jue to serve the ancestor for thousands of years. During the Shang Dynasty, people believed that deceased ancestors were not consciously dead, but went to a new world where the society was the same as ours. As a result, Jue, with other bronze vessels, serve as the funerary paraphernalia, placed into the tomb, that accompanies the ancestors to the new world and serves their daily life. Before being placed into the tomb, Jue will be filled with wine and the attendance will pour the wine to the ground (libation), which means offering the wine to the ancestor in another world with respect and reminiscence.&#13;
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            <name>Title</name>
            <description>A name given to the resource</description>
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                <text>Tripod wine vessel - Jue</text>
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            <name>Subject</name>
            <description>The topic of the resource</description>
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                <text>wine vessel</text>
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        <name>Bronze</name>
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        <name>Tripod wine vessel</name>
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          <name>Place of Origin</name>
          <description>The geographic location where an object was made</description>
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              <text>China</text>
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          <name>Culture/Period</name>
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              <text>Warring States</text>
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          <name>Date From</name>
          <description>Enter the lower end of the date range, only enter a number without any label and use negative for BCE.  For example: enter '220' for 220 CE or '-220' for 220 BCE</description>
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              <text>-475</text>
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          <name>Date To</name>
          <description>Enter the upper end of the date range, only enter a number without any label and use negative for BCE.  For example: enter '220' for 220 CE or '-220' for 220 BCE</description>
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              <text>-221</text>
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          <name>Materials</name>
          <description>What an object is made of, including any later additions (mounts, frames, etc.)</description>
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              <text>Bronze</text>
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          <name>Height (cm)</name>
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              <text>11.0</text>
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          <name>Length (cm)</name>
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              <text>27.0</text>
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          <name>Diameter (cm)</name>
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              <text>22.5</text>
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          <name>Accession Number</name>
          <description>A unique identifier for an object</description>
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              <text>HKU.B.1954.0094</text>
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          <name>Description</name>
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              <text>This round water basin (Jian) was one of the most common types of bronzes during the Shang Dynasty (ca. 1600–1050 B.C.) to the Warring States (ca. 475–221 B.C.). During that period, the bronze industry reached its peak as a symbol of productivity development.&#13;
 &#13;
This water basin has a cow head-shaped animal with ears of mythic animals on each handle. Animal’s pattern was common on bronzes. Lozenge design can be found around the basin’s neck. Cloud and thunder veins, meaning the co-existence of clouds and thunders, can also be observed in this design. This kind of vein was commonly used on bronzes during that era. &#13;
&#13;
This basin could be made by using piece-mold casting, in which the bronzeworkers produced the bronzes by using clay molds. They reassembled different sections by firing to form the bronzes. The bronzeworkers could produce products with a high degree of sharpness with this method. The piece-molding casting was the most used way in that period. &#13;
&#13;
This kind of basins could be employed for several purposes. They could be used as a ritual vessel, washbasin, ice container, and even mirror (by using the reflection of water). However, the iridescence of this basin showed that it might have stayed underground and exposed to a high humidity place for a long time. This indicates that this basin could be a ritual vessel. The size, shape, and number of ritual bronzes could vary according to the owner’s social status.</text>
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            <name>Title</name>
            <description>A name given to the resource</description>
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                <text>Water basin (Jian), Warring States</text>
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            <description>A related resource from which the described resource is derived</description>
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                <text>Museum of the Institute of History &amp; Philology, A. (n.d.). 雲紋，雷紋，雲雷紋: Museum of the Institute of history &amp; PHILOLOGY, Academia Sinica. Retrieved April 08, 2021, from http://museum.sinica.edu.tw/en/knowledge-base/item/164/&#13;
&#13;
D. (2004, October). Shang and Zhou Dynasties: The Bronze Age of China. Retrieved April 08, 2021, from https://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/shzh/hd_shzh.htm#:~:text=The%20era%20of%20the%20Shang,material%20culture%20of%20the%20time&#13;
&#13;
蟠螭紋鑑. (n.d.). Retrieved April 08, 2021, from http://140.109.240.38/1_2/3DAA/object.php?item=60&amp;&amp;material=4-5-2&#13;
&#13;
Li, S. (2020, July 28). Bronze art of Shang and Zhou Dynasties. Retrieved April 08, 2021, from https://chiculture.org.hk/en/china-five-thousand-years/1959</text>
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                <text>Cheung Ka Man</text>
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        <element elementId="68">
          <name>Place of Origin</name>
          <description>The geographic location where an object was made</description>
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              <text>Guangzhou, Guangdong province, China</text>
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          <name>Culture/Period</name>
          <description>A broad historical period, archaeological culture, or artistic movement in which an object was made</description>
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              <text>Early 20th century, Qing dynasty or Republican period</text>
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          <name>Date From</name>
          <description>Enter the lower end of the date range, only enter a number without any label and use negative for BCE.  For example: enter '220' for 220 CE or '-220' for 220 BCE</description>
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              <text>1644</text>
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          <name>Date To</name>
          <description>Enter the upper end of the date range, only enter a number without any label and use negative for BCE.  For example: enter '220' for 220 CE or '-220' for 220 BCE</description>
          <elementTextContainer>
            <elementText elementTextId="1106">
              <text>1911</text>
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          <name>Materials</name>
          <description>What an object is made of, including any later additions (mounts, frames, etc.)</description>
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              <text>Copper</text>
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          <name>Height (cm)</name>
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          <name>Width (cm)</name>
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          <name>Diameter (cm)</name>
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          <name>Accession Number</name>
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              <text>HKU.M.1997.1166</text>
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              <text>This brush holder with golden rims is decorated with painted enamels, which include iron-red, ruby, cobalt blue, green, and yellow. Foliage, trees, gardening, and flowers are shown on the front side and backside of the holder, which are framed on the violet flower-patterned background. On the front side, two women are playing with 4 children in different colors of clothes in their yard. On the backside, a woman is facing one child while 3 children are playing near the pond on the balcony with the view of a small mountain. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;This brush holder is made of copper coated with enamel. This technique was invented in Limoges, France during the Renaissance period, and was adopted by KangXi Emperor (1662-1722) from European merchants and Jesuit missionaries. Enameled metal wares, included plates, clocks, trays, were intended to be tributed to the court as luxury goods. With advanced skills and knowledge in enameling porcelain, the technique of fusing enamels within wire cells on copper and bronze was first introduced during the Ming dynasty (1368-1644) and becoming a trend by the Qing dynasty (1644-1911).&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Bibliography &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span&gt;Vinhais, L., Welsh, J. (2015) &lt;em&gt;China of All Colours. Painted Enamels on Copper. &lt;/em&gt;UK: Jorge Welsh. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;</text>
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              <text>The grey colored wine jar is glazed and slightly decorated with black wavy lines drawn by a brush, and overall speaking is very simple. There are protruding rings around the jar, making the jar more decorative. The jar is protected rather well, though there are a few visible cracks on it, which could be made during the firing process. The bottom and the rim of it was repaired. The jar could be crafted from clay with a high iron composition, as from the chipped parts of the object one could see that the unpainted parts are of a reddish color. Judging the pottery’s greenish grey body and the black slip, the jar should be of the Punch’ông style, which usually comes out of a similar color, although the slips are white in color. As the Punch’ông pottery are usually from the 15 and 16 century, one could assume that the wine jar was made in the 15 or 16 century.&#13;
&#13;
The pottery is used as a wine jar, and, by judging its simple decoration, it could be used at a restaurant or a wine tavern. Also, as it does not have any handles on it, it is assumed that the container is placed on a table rather than hung onto walls or being carried by waiters. Also, as the wine jar is large in volume, which normal domestic families would not be able to use, one could suggest that the jar was used commercially.&#13;
&#13;
Source: Hammer, E., &amp; Smith, J. E. (2002). The Arts of Korea: A Resource for Educators (Pck ed.) [E-book]. Metropolitan Museum of Art. https://hkuhk-my.sharepoint.com/personal/pcobb_hku_hk/_layouts/15/onedrive.aspx?originalPath=aHR0cHM6Ly9oa3Voay1teS5zaGFyZXBvaW50LmNvbS86ZjovZy9wZXJzb25hbC9wY29iYl9oa3VfaGsvRXZldlNCTG5qeHBIdkoybnQxM3p3c1FCSlVjZkdlOFNicmxraFMwcEI5c2s0UT9ydGltZT1vVXNldl9fNjJFZw&amp;id=%2Fpersonal%2Fpcobb%5Fhku%5Fhk%2FDocuments%2Fcoursework%2F2021ASpring%2DCommonCore%2Fresources%2FCeramics%2FThe%20Arts%20of%20Korea%2Epdf&amp;parent=%2Fpersonal%2Fpcobb%5Fhku%5Fhk%2FDocuments%2Fcoursework%2F2021ASpring%2DCommonCore%2Fresources%2FCeramics&#13;
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              <text>This vase should be a kind of Mei bottle. Mei bottle is a bottle type with a small mouth, short neck, large shoulders, thin bottom, circle foot. The smallmouth can only insert plum branch, "Mei" means plum in Chinese; thus, we call Mei bottle. Because of the bottle's slender body, it was called a "jing bottle" in the Song Dynasty, which was used for holding wine.&#13;
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              <text>This bowl has rounded sides, the exterior carved with lotus petals, covered overall with an even olive-green glaze. The olive-green glaze with small cracks shown by the bowl is known as Celadon or greenware. Because of its olive-green colour, Celadon wares could resemble Jade, one of the most valuable materials in the Song Dynasty. Celadon ware was notably regarded by the Chinese Imperial court and has a high value, with Celadon wares from Longquan kilns in Lishui, Zhejiang province being the most representative one. There is also a belief that Celadon wares would break or changes their colour if they are in contact with poisoned food, that is one of the reasons why some bowls and dishes are made of Celadon. Celadon production is invented by the Chinese which supplied the Southern Song court after the collapse of the Northern dynasty in 1127 and exported to East Asia, Southeast Asia, and the Islamic world. &#13;
&#13;
This bowl does not contain any engraving or decorations, which shows the style of pottery in the Song Dynasty which is the brilliant feldspathic glazes over a stoneware body and emphasizes the simplicity of form.&#13;
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              <text>Along the upper Yellow River bank regions in China, including Gansu, Qinghai and Sichuan Province.</text>
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          <description>Enter the lower end of the date range, only enter a number without any label and use negative for BCE.  For example: enter '220' for 220 CE or '-220' for 220 BCE</description>
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          <name>Date To</name>
          <description>Enter the upper end of the date range, only enter a number without any label and use negative for BCE.  For example: enter '220' for 220 CE or '-220' for 220 BCE</description>
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              <text>2000 BCE</text>
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          <name>Width (cm)</name>
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          <name>Credit Line</name>
          <description>The name of the individual or institution that donated the object to the museum, the source of a purchase, or the name of a loaning individual or institution</description>
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              <text>Mr. TAM Bing Yiu</text>
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          <name>Accession Number</name>
          <description>A unique identifier for an object</description>
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              <text>HKU.C.2009.1803</text>
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          <name>Description</name>
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              <text>The pot is made of clay and hardened through heating. It is supposed use to hold food or drink. It is decorated, usually on the upper part only, with lots of leaves or waves alike geometric patterns executed in black pigment with brushing work. Pottery designed with paints is among the most iconic of the archaeological remains from Neolithic cultures. The earthenwares were often equipped with fanciful thin wall, paints and burnishes. &#13;
&#13;
The Majiayao culture was boomed in the agricultural communities along the upper Yellow Riverbank regions including Gansu, Qinghai and Sichuan province. The culture was from 3300 to 2000 BC and divided into three phases, including Majiayao, Banshan and Machang phase. In Majiayao phase, pot makers generally decorated their crafts with the designs in black pigment featuring sweeping parallel lines and dots. Meanwhile, for the potters in Banshan phase were famous for having curvilinear designs using both black and red paints. In Machang phase, the potteries were similar, but usually not as fine and high quality as the ones in the previous phases because it was having a mass production to support the demand of the rapid-growing population.&#13;
&#13;
The craft shows a clear and logical design and savour evolution, leading from remarkable designs in the past cultures to linear beauty in Majiayao culture. The popularity of ceramics dropped dramatically once the crafting skills of bronze, lacquer and precious metals were matured in the later times.</text>
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          <element elementId="50">
            <name>Title</name>
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                <text>HUI Tsz Lok</text>
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          <name>Place of Origin</name>
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              <text>Changsha, China</text>
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          <name>Culture/Period</name>
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              <text>Eastern Zhou dynasty</text>
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          <name>Date From</name>
          <description>Enter the lower end of the date range, only enter a number without any label and use negative for BCE.  For example: enter '220' for 220 CE or '-220' for 220 BCE</description>
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              <text>771 BCE</text>
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          <name>Date To</name>
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              <text>256	BCE</text>
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              <text>Bronze</text>
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          <name>Height (cm)</name>
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              <text>35.6 cm</text>
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          <name>Diameter (cm)</name>
          <description/>
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              <text>16 cm</text>
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          <name>Credit Line</name>
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              <text>Gift of the Mengdiexuan society</text>
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        <element elementId="61">
          <name>Accession Number</name>
          <description>A unique identifier for an object</description>
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              <text>HKU.B.1993.0991</text>
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          <name>Description</name>
          <description>A short physical description of the object with an overview of its historical and social significance</description>
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              <text>The object was a Wine vessel (Hu) produced during the Eastern Zhou dynasty (771–256 BCE). As it had been kept oxidized for a very long time, though the original dark green colour has somewhat been left intact, it’s surface has also shown large signs of faded gray and dark yellow. &#13;
&#13;
On the top of the vessel, there is a cover for the storage of the wine in the container. &#13;
Vessels produced from the same period usually have handles designed on both sides for carriage and delivery. There are two bulging projections found opposite to each other. Probably the vessel had been so designed to allow handles to be added in the manufacturing process, or it could be hung upon on both sides of a shoulder pole for laborers to deliver the wine vessels. That no handles had been found on any part of the vessel might be the effects of long centuries of ageing erosion.&#13;
 &#13;
Similarly manufactured and designed vessels from the same period usually were decorated with mythic animal patterns on the outer surface. However, the vessel found here had been decorated with six bands of low relief bumpy dots. &#13;
&#13;
Scholars have found that, in the ancient times, the earliest Chinese bronze manufactured products were made by piece-mold casting, whereby artisans usually made a model of the item to be cast using clay mold. Then the craftsmen cut in parts to get the model and then reassembled the parts by cementing them together. By looking at the surface of the vessel, we can find very rough rudimentary vestiges on the body and the pattern, showing not just low craftsmanship in assembling the sections together but also suggesting the more commonly usage of the item for commoners at that time. Again, the low relief bands found on the surface of the vessel as against the more complicated designs of mythic animal patterns (for example, the taotie mythic beast) and the missing handles on both sides all suggest the vessel’s more affordable pricings and more popular accessibility.&#13;
&#13;
At the bottom part of the vessel, we can find there is a projected bulge designed like a handle. It is placed right in the center of the bottom of the vessel, a design best fit for its fixing on wooden poles set on wheeled carts for road transportation or ship decks for long-range water transportation. Whether the vessels were used for wine storage or other drinks, its primitive and economic design made the item marketable.&#13;
&#13;
The piece-mold casting method of manufacturing all sorts of bronze-made items allowed the craftsmen and the artisanal workers to produce similar items at different prices to suit different market demands at different prices. All these have helped in the imaginative reconstruction of patterns of daily lives of both ordinary people and noble aristocracy. &#13;
&#13;
This leapt of knowledge and imagination about the ancient past not only helps us today to picture the technological level of bronze manufacturing production, but also the popularity of metal products circulated for all walks of life during the Eastern Zhou dynasty. At a time when China had been divided into many different states competing and at war with each other all the time, getting a glimpse of the advancement of the manufacturing of bronze products can help enhance our understanding about geographical diversities in culture but also the diffusion of technology through war and migration patterns from that period.</text>
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            <name>Title</name>
            <description>A name given to the resource</description>
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                <text>Wine vessel	(Hu)</text>
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            <description>The topic of the resource</description>
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                <text>Wine vessel	(Hu)</text>
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                <text>&lt;a href="http://www.benjanssens.com/portfolio/bronze-ritual-wine-vessel-hu/" title="Bronze ritual wine vessel hu"&gt;Bronze ritual wine vessel hu&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a href="http://searchcollection.asianart.org/view/objects/asitem/search@/0?t:state:flow=854e6f6b-b0b8-4a48-9c74-689ab9e22e3d" title="Ritual wine vessel (hu) with cover"&gt;Ritual wine vessel (hu) with cover&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a href="https://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/shzh/hd_shzh.htm" title="Shang and Zhou Dynasties: The Bronze Age of China"&gt;Shang and Zhou Dynasties: The Bronze Age of China&lt;/a&gt;</text>
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          <name>Place of Origin</name>
          <description>The geographic location where an object was made</description>
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              <text>Unknown exact location, likely Southern China or Yangtze River mid to downstream towns or cities. (Core territory of the Southern Song Dynasty)</text>
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          <name>Artist/Maker</name>
          <description>The name of the artist, maker, or workshop that made the object</description>
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              <text>Zhang Fa Jing (張法敬)</text>
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              <text>Six Dynasty period, more specifically, Southern Song Dynasty (420-479 AD) (also known as Liu-Song Dynasty after the Emperor's surname, Liu)</text>
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        <element elementId="72">
          <name>Date From</name>
          <description>Enter the lower end of the date range, only enter a number without any label and use negative for BCE.  For example: enter '220' for 220 CE or '-220' for 220 BCE</description>
          <elementTextContainer>
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              <text>422</text>
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          <name>Date To</name>
          <description>Enter the upper end of the date range, only enter a number without any label and use negative for BCE.  For example: enter '220' for 220 CE or '-220' for 220 BCE</description>
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          <description>What an object is made of, including any later additions (mounts, frames, etc.)</description>
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          <name>Diameter (cm)</name>
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              <text>N/A</text>
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          <name>Credit Line</name>
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              <text>N/A, presumably an original collection by the HKU museum.</text>
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              <text>The Standing Buddha sculpture is a prominent object of worship throughout Chinese History, with Buddhism becoming the dominant religion of China from the Han Dynasty onward. &#13;
&#13;
The Buddhist sculpture belongs to the Southern Song Dynasty of the 5th Century, an era marked by prolonged and endemic political instability. Peace, especially inner peace, is an essential value promoted by Buddhism, which many believers would seek to reach, not despite of, but because of the hardship encountered in their daily lives. &#13;
&#13;
The design of the Buddhist sculpture generally takes resemblance to other such sculptures of the time. One prime example is the large water lily (lotus) leaf behind Buddha. In Buddhist beliefs and symbolism, the lotus represents purity of the body, speech and mind, as if floating above the murky waters of material attachment and physical desire. According to legend, Gautama Buddha's first steps made lotus flowers appear everywhere he stepped. The lotus leaf also represents tranquility, and moral superiority, key traits every Buddhist would seek to reach. Thus, the addition of the lotus to the Buddha statue not only represents the importance of self-identity crucial within Buddhism, but also the piousness and devotion of the artist himself towards Buddhism.&#13;
&#13;
Another notable detail is the descriptions engraved on the backside of the lotus leaf, written in Middle Chinese. It roughly records the date of creation of the sculpture, then records the personal views and beliefs of the artist himself towards the Buddhist religion, which includes his worldview and what he considers a utopian society, one where all lives live in harmony, a key Buddhist belief. This might be written as a sign of hope, as the era when the sculpture was made was marked by political instability and turmoil. &#13;
&#13;
From a material perspective, the Bronze-Silver alloy structure suggests that the sculpture likely belongs to a semi-wealthy, middle class and well-to-do owner, as poorer peasants could only afford cheaper stone sculptures, while the ruling class aristocrats would have access to more exquisite Silver was an expensive metal back then. this sculpture serves more as a transitional turning point of Buddhist art and sculpturing. Gone were the early stone and purely copper sculptures (occasionally Jaded for more exquisite and luxurious ones) of the Han Dynasty (202 BC-220 AD), yet the trend for golden Buddhist sculptures of the Tang Dynasty (618 AD-907 AD) had yet to come. The result is a mixture of Bronze and Silver, a transitional material.</text>
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                <text>This object is a Standing Buddha Sculpture made from a combination of bronze/ copper and silver.</text>
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            <description>An account of the resource</description>
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                <text>This Standing Buddha Sculpture originates from the Six Dynasties period of Ancient China, more specifically, the short-lived Southern Song Dynasty of the 5th century (Also-known as the Liu-Song Dynasty). This sculpture is likely situated or at least located at sites of worship, as Buddhism is the dominant religion of China at the time. The exact location of excavation is not known.</text>
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                <text>https://www.umag.hku.hk/en/collection_detail.php?id=65252574</text>
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                <text>Kwan Long Hei Linus</text>
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        <name>Gautama Buddha</name>
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